GMO Golden Rice: Myth, not Miracle

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Wheat is a main staple in the diet of many cultures, and hence getting approval to grow GM wheat is one that has eluded Monsanto and others until now. Once released into the environment, there is no turning back. Last year it was reported that some GM wheat had turned up in a farmer’s field in Oregon, the result of a field trial years earlier. But so far, there is no evidence that there has been widespread “drift” from GM wheat trials.

One grain that is a staple in more people’s diets than even wheat, is rice. Like wheat, the trend towards developing new breeds of GM rice have been rather cautious, knowing how many people in the world’s population can be affected once the crop is out in the wild.

GM Golden Rice was developed with the hope that it could provide vitamin A through beta carotene, but the project was a huge disaster and basically shelved for years. But then Bill Gates came along, the college drop out turned billionaire who started Microsoft Corp., looking for something to spend his billions of dollars to promote. All of a sudden, with big money providing jobs to pursue a failed project, GM Golden Rice has new life.

Thanks to GM Watch, we have some real information about Golden Rice and its danger to Asia and the rest of the world.

Golden Rice: Myth, not Miracle

By Dr. Vandana Shiva
GMWatch.org

“You cannot solve a problem with the same mindset that has created it.” – Einstein

Excerpts:

The Monoculture of the Mind promotes Diseases linked to Malnutrition

The problem of hunger and malnutrition are rooted in an obsolete and destructive food and agriculture system that is blind to the need for diversity, quality and nutrition of food for a balanced diet. The reductionist mechanistic paradigm that I have called the Monoculture of the Mind promotes Monocultures, and only focuses on the yield of a few commodities. As a result of this Monoculture model, the human diet has been reduced from the diversity of nearly 8500 species providing a diversity of nutrients that the human body needs, to just 8 crops, largely producing carbohydrates. Not only are these monocultures of carbohydrate rich crops deficient in most essential micronutrients, through industrial breeding they are introducing new deficiencies that are leading to killer diseases.

Diets based primarily on carbohydrates like industrial rice are not just leading to micronutrient deficiencies, they are leading to a diabetes epidemic. New industrial varieties of rice have a high glycemic index, aggravating the risk of diabetes.

According to the World Health Organisation,

“347 million people worldwide have diabetes.

“In 2004, an estimated 3.4 million people died due to diabetes. More than 80% of diabetes deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries.”

Industrially produced rice monocultures are one example of the monoculture thinking that has led to large-scale micronutrient deficiencies, including deficiencies of iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium, vit A.

Vit A is required for normal vision, for maintaining the integrity and normal functioning of glandular and epithelial tissue, for skeletal growth, for maintenance of immunity, and for protection against certain cancers such as bronchial cancer. Deficiency of vitamin A causes Xerophthalmia which includes ocular (eye) manifestations such as night blindness, conjunctival xerosis, Bitot’s spot, Corneal Xerosis, and Keratomalacia. Deficiency of vitamin A also causes follicular hyperkeratosis, anorexia, growth retardation, respiratory and intestinal infections, and child mortality. Malnutrition and vitamin A deficiency are a major cause of blindness in children. The WHO states that severe vit A deficiency that causes blindness is declining.

Golden Rice, a false solution that will worsen the malnutrition crisis

At a time when all scientific knowledge is making us aware that diversity is the answer to malnutrition, there is an intense propaganda machinery at work to spread the myth of Golden Rice as miracle cure for malnutrition. It is a myth that it will solve the problem of nutritional deficiencies. I have called it a blind approach to blindness prevention because it is blind to alternatives that are superior, not just for vit A deficiency, but all micronutrient deficiencies. By focussing on only one crop, rice, which by itself does not provide all the nutrients we need, while eclipsing the alternative of diverse crops providing diverse nutrients, including higher quantities of vit A than Golden Rice, the Golden Rice pushers are in fact worsening the crisis of hunger and malnutrition. Promoters of Golden Rice are blind to diversity, and hence are promoters of blindness, both metaphorically and nutritionally.

Golden Rice is 3500% less efficient than available alternatives

The promoters of Golden rice admit that it produces only 35 micrograms per 100 mg of rice. http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/89/6/1776.long

Biodiversity and ecological agriculture offers us alternatives that are 3500% richer in vit A than Golden Rice. Golden Rice will actually decrease Vit A availability, compared to the alternatives.

Read the Full Article Here.

Golden Rice: Scientific Realities

by GM Watch

Excerpts:

Golden Rice (GR) is genetically engineered to contain increased levels of beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A (also known as provitamin A). The rice is claimed to help cure blindness and other illnesses caused by vitamin A deficiency in the Third World. It is also claimed that opposition to GR by environmentalists and anti-GMO activists has caused millions to die or go blind in the developing world.

However, the claims made for and about GR are factually incorrect and unscientific.

GR is still not ready

While there have been long delays in the development of GR since it was “invented” in 2000 (1), this has not been due to the activities of anti-GMO activists, but to basic R&D problems.

This is confirmed in a statement by the International Rice Research Institute, the main body working on the GR project (2). According to the Institute, the time frame for developing a new product is about 13 years, and GR is “still under development and evaluation”. In September 2013 the IRRI expected GR to take another two years before it was ready.

GR is not needed

GR is an expensive and unproven ‘solution’ to a problem for which better solutions exist. It has swallowed millions in development money and yet is still not ready.

In contrast, World Health Organisation programs to combat vitamin A deficiency are cheap, already available – and proven to work. They focus on methods such as educating people to grow green leafy vegetables in kitchen gardens, encouraging breastfeeding of babies, and giving supplements and fortified foods when necessary.(3) Research by Dr Vandana Shiva’s organization Navdanya in India has calculated that green leafy vegetables are up to 3500% richer in beta-carotene than GR.(4)

These programs only need modest funding to roll out more widely. They have the additional advantage of simultaneously treating other nutritional deficiencies, as these do not occur in isolation. For example, beta-carotene can only be absorbed by the body if the person eats enough fat. Will GR proponents give out dietary fat with the GR to those who need it?

Other problems with GR include:

1. Hidden Information on GR’s Genetic Makeup

There has been no adequate characterization of GR in the peer-reviewed literature (5). Where there is secrecy, there is mistrust.

2. Breeding Problems

The early varieties of Golden Rice were GR1 and GR2 — both bred from Japonica rice varieties because of severe difficulties with breeding from Indica varieties. In the areas which are being initially targeted – India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Philippines – the vast majority of the population eats Indica, not Japonica varieties. Testing of a GR Indica variety did not start until 2010 and outdoor trials appear to be confined to the Philippines. There is still no published data available as to the stability, uniformity, yields or beta-carotene levels of either the older or newer versions of GR.

3. Beta-carotene Persistence

No one knows how much beta-carotene will remain in GR over time when stored in normal domestic conditions. When some GR1 was sent in 2001 to scientists in Germany, they found that the level of beta-carotene was less than 1% of what it should have been. After cooking the level declined further, by 50%. This finding set back the project by many years.

4. Bioavailability

No one knows how “bioavailable” the beta-carotene in GR will prove. Only two published human feeding studies have been conducted to test this – a controversial child-feeding study published in 2012 and an earlier feeding study involving adults, published in 2009 (see point 7 below). Both these “proof of principle” studies fail to give information on whether GR would work in a real-life situation. For example, the GR samples were stored at -80 degrees C and -70 degrees C respectively, prior to their use in the trials. This was to delay any decline in beta-carotene levels. The studies gave no information as to the usefulness of GR in real domestic situations and in a typical diet. Also, the adult feeding study was designed to maximise the absorption of beta-carotene through the addition of 10% butter to the test diet – an unrealistic scenario with respect to the poor people of Asia.

5. Biofortification is Risky

GR is a “biofortified” product. But there are issues with “nutritional enhancement” and fortification. Due to differences between individuals (old and young, healthy and ill, male and female, overweight and undernourished), some people in the population will get too little of the nutrient and others too much. Overdosing on vitamin A has been linked to an increased risk of birth defects, and in the case of smokers to an increased cancer risk. (6)

6. No Proof that GR is Safe to Eat

Genetic modification can result in novel toxins or allergens being created in plants, or changes in nutritional value. New toxins or allergens can appear even if the gene of interest is taken from a non-toxic source, since changes can happen after the gene is inserted into the new host plant. Such unexpected changes are difficult to detect without dedicated animal feeding safety trials. One potential hazard, as pointed out by Prof David Schubert of the Salk Institute in the USA, is associated with retinoic acid, a vitamin A derivative which can damage human fetuses and cause birth defects. (7)

But no toxicology trials with animals have yet been carried out, in contravention of the Codex Alimentarius guidelines. Many scientists have complained about the manner in which the Golden Rice Humanitarian Board has simply assumed that GR is safe to eat, without having demonstrated it in studies. (8) After prolonged pressure, the IRRI announced in 2013 that animal feeding studies on mice were under way in an American laboratory. (9) But there has been no indication whether these studies are intended to demonstrate nutritional equivalence or safety. Until such studies have been published in the peer-reviewed literature, GR has not been proven safe to eat.

7. Unethical Trials on Humans

Even though GR has not been tested for unexpected toxins or allergens in animal feeding trials, the Golden Rice Humanitarian Board, in conjunction with Tufts University, has conducted three feeding experiments on humans. One included the use of children “without adequate vitamin A nutrition” (10). In 2009 a group of 32 scientists (11) complained to Tufts about this breach of medical ethics and the Nuremburg Code. When the research resulted in the publication of two papers (in 2009 and 2012), there was a furor in China due to the use of children in one experiment without informed consent. The revelation led to the sacking of three Chinese officials and the forced retirement of the lead researcher at Tufts.

—

The above points relate to the scientific issues surrounding GR. Other issues with GR relate to food sovereignty and security of supply, agricultural system preferences, and socio-economic and political factors.(12)

There also appear to be issues with corporate control and patenting, which throw into question claims that GR is a “public” product. The Sublicensing Agreement on the GR website states: “The inventors have assigned their exclusive rights to the Golden Rice technology to [GM giant] Syngenta… Syngenta retains commercial rights, although it has abandoned its plans to commercialize Golden Rice… Commercial rights of improvements to the technology go to Syngenta.”(13)

The statement that Syngenta has “abandoned” its plans to commercialize GR is not legally binding. The firm could reverse this decision at any time it sees commercial potential in the product. And farmers who make “improvements” to GR strains could find themselves owing royalties to Syngenta.

In conclusion, GR is not a realistic solution to the problem of malnutrition and could well create further serious problems for the people who grow and eat it.

Notes

(1) Ye et al (2000) Engineering the Provitamin A (b-Carotene) Biosynthetic Pathway into (Carotenoid-Free) Rice Endosperm; Science, Vol 287.

Patrick Moore (on the GoldenRiceNow web site) has accused Greenpeace of “crimes against humanity” over its opposition to genetically modified GR.

http://www.allowgoldenricenow.org/crimes-against-humanity

Moore states that Greenpeace’s “scientific blindness has led to the actual blindness of 8 million people, mostly children”. This is a serious and unsupportable accusation that bears no relation to the facts about GR. During January Moore is holding a series of “protests” and “forums” in European cities, with the help of Klaus Ammann and others and with the support of Europabio (the trade association for biotechnology companies), the John Innes Centre and other institutions and organizations with an interest in the promotion of GMO crops and foods.

http://www.theguardian.com/environment/blog/2009/mar/24/golden-rice-gm-brian-john-cymru

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24515938

(2) http://irri.org/about-us/our-organization

http://irri.org/golden-rice/faqs/why-has-it-taken-this-long-to-develop-golden-rice

http://gmwatch.org/index.php/articles/gm-reports/15024

(3) Tough Lessons From Golden Rice, by Martin Enserink, Science 25 April 2008: Vol. 320 no. 5875 pp. 468-471

http://www.sciencemag.org/content/320/5875/468

http://www.blauen-institut.ch

http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/FAOINFO/ECONOMIC/ESN/NUTRI.HTM

http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/89/6/1776.long

http://www.christian-aid.org.uk/reports/vitamina.htm

(4) http://www.gmwatch.org/index.php/news/archive/2014/15250